{"id":4055,"date":"2023-04-07T22:49:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-08T05:49:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/landscapes-revealed.net\/?p=4055"},"modified":"2023-04-07T22:49:33","modified_gmt":"2023-04-08T05:49:33","slug":"catedral-de-sal-underground-church-in-an-active-salt-mine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/landscapes-revealed.net\/catedral-de-sal-underground-church-in-an-active-salt-mine\/","title":{"rendered":"Catedral de Sal\u2014underground church in an active salt mine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

My last post presented evidence that Colombia’s Eastern Cordillera was covered by a shallow sea during the Cretaceous Period: https:\/\/landscapes-revealed.net\/marine-fossils-in-colombias-eastern-cordillera\/<\/a>. This post presents more evidence for an oceanic setting\u2014thick salt layers that were deposited in a shallow sea where high rates of evaporation caused water to evaporate and salt crystals to build up many layers over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zipaquir\u00e1 salt mine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A major salt mine is located in the town of Zipaquir\u00e1, located about 45 km (27 miles) north of Bogot\u00e1. Indigenous people began mining the salt thousands of years ago, and when Europeans arrived, they also extracted this valuable resource. Mining continues today, but with advanced equipment that provides safer conditions for the miners. Most of the salt is for industrial uses. For example, salt sets the dye in fabric and is used to produce glass, polyester, plastics, and leather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Here I am in the salt mine with our guide Andr\u00e9s, who helped us understand how the mine functions and how the church built within it operates. We are standing in a tunnel excavated from the layers of salt visible in the tunnel walls.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Here is a block of salt with visible salt crystals. The salt is halite (NaCl)\u2014common table salt. Because the salt was deposited in shallow parts of the ocean, there are impurities from land-derived mud and brackish marine organisms. The darker-colored components are pyrite (iron-sulfide mineral) and carbon. Pyrite forms in oxygen-poor environments (e.g., shallow-marine mud) where decaying organic material consumes oxygen and releases sulfur. Carbon is from the organic material. Another component is dolomite (a marine carbonate), but most of the white minerals are halite.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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As a sedimentologist, I’m always excited to see rock layers that show how sediments accumulated over time. These salt deposits are white, but artificial light casts color on the walls. The salt was deposited as flat layers, but during the past 70 million years, compressive forces caused the land to be uplifted to its current elevation of ~2650 m (8690 ft). The compressive forces folded the rocks, so they are now tilted rather than flat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A church built in the mine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In earlier times, mining was a more dangerous profession and during the 1930s the miners placed images of saints in the walls of the underground mine, and prayed to them for safety. Funding was eventually provided to build a church that shared space with the existing mine. Years of blasting and drilling weakened the church’s walls and caused it to close in 1992. The church was rebuilt with public and private funds and it reopened again in 1995 at a deeper level (180 m \/ 600 ft) that is farther from the area of active mining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The “Catedral de Sal” (salt church) is a notable achievement of Colombian architecture. It is one of the most popular tourist and pilgrimage sites in Colombia. About 3,000 Catholic parishioners gather here each Sunday for religious services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The entrance tunnel to the underground church first passes through the 14 stations of the cross\u2014a series of images portraying key moments in the crucifixion and burial of Jesus Christ. The photos above are of station 2\u2014Jesus carrying his own cross. Each cross is carved from salt\u2014notice the layers\u2014and colored with spotlights. On Sundays, parishioners can stop and pray at each station on their way to the main nave (the central part of a church building).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Then visitors arrive in the main nave with its brilliant, continually-changing colors. Notice the layers of salt on the ceiling and walls of the excavated nave. It is a vast space\u2014the giant cross at the front of the sanctuary is 16 m (53 ft) tall. To get a complete view, I took these photos from an overhanging balcony. The pews leading up to the cross can hold 900 people. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Off of the main nave are smaller chapels such as this one. With the white light, it is easier to see how the tunnels were carved from the salt layers.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Many art works adorn the church walls. Some are carved in salt and others are carved in sandstone. Upper left photo<\/strong>: The miners show solidarity with other miners around the world; for example, this salt-carved miner is Romanian. Upper center photo: <\/strong>This scene of an indigenous woman is carved into a salt wall. Upper right photo: <\/strong>This sculpture of the angel Gabriel is carved in sandstone. Bottom photo: <\/strong>This sandstone carving is one of the most impressive religious images I’ve ever seen. It depicts Mary and Joseph baring Jesus from the cross after his crucifixion. I was impressed by their indigenous appearance and beatific expressions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Here is one more image of the underground tunnels cut into salt deposits. Maria and I are standing in the center of the railing on the other side of water just 1 cm deep! It is a perfect mirror that tricked us at first\u2014it really looked like the tunnel continued deep beneath us. We decided that the Catedral de Sal was a much more impressive place to visit than we had expected.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Back to Bogot\u00e1 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

We only had two days in Bogot\u00e1, but we saw enough to make me want to return and learn more. Other parts of Colombia entice me to return\u2014for example, Parque Nacional Los Nevados, the site of Colombia’s active volcanoes, and Cali, called the “Salsa Capital” because of its street parties and dance. I’ll end my Colombian post with some scenes from Bogot\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Upper row:<\/strong> Street scenes in Bogot\u00e1. Bottom row, left:<\/strong> Botero’s satirical painting of the Mona Lisa; center:<\/strong> pre-Colombian design of head ornaments in the Museo de Oro (Gold Museum); right: <\/strong>“The Pride of my Country” painting of Egan Bernal, Colombian bicyclist who won the 2019 Tour de France, the first Latin American to do so.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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A view westward over the city of Bogot\u00e1 from our lodging in La Candelaria.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

My last post presented evidence that Colombia’s Eastern Cordillera was covered by a shallow sea during the Cretaceous Period: https:\/\/landscapes-revealed.net\/marine-fossils-in-colombias-eastern-cordillera\/. This post presents more evidence for an oceanic setting\u2014thick salt layers that were deposited in a shallow sea where high rates of evaporation caused water to evaporate and salt crystals to build up many layers…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4072,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}},"_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[219,220,221],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nCatedral de Sal\u2014underground church in an active salt mine - 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